Cranial nerves, I - olfactory nerve and disorders

Olfactory nerves that subserve the sense of smell have their source cells in the mucous membrane of the top and back part of the nasal cavity. Bipolar sensory cells, the distal portions of which consists in ciliates processes are of penetrating the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity. The core processes of these nerves, approximately twenty each side, passing through ethmoid cells, which form the brush as olfactory glomeruli terminals dendrites cribiform plate. Axons mitral cells enter the olfactory Groove frontal bones to the brain. Subsequently, the olfactory tract divided into olfactory medial and lateral grooves. The medial straie becomes the opposite of the previous commisure. Lateral stretch fibers emerge from distribution to previous perforated substance and end up in the complex prepiriform and medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdaloid area. The latter represents the main olfactory cortex.

Testing: before assessing olfactory sensations, one must determine that the nasal passages are not blocked. Local allergic rhinitis, the plyps and sinusitis that undermine smell injuries must be excluded. The test substance should be non-irritating and volatile. Fresh ground coffee, asafoetida, eucalyptus oul power oil or lemon are some of the common test substances used. Substances such as chloroform that can stimulate the gustative final-organos or peripheral nerves trigeminal neuralgia in nasal instead of stimulating olfactory nerves, mucosal endings must be avoided. Each ditch should be evaluated separately with another grave be masked.The patient must be ordered to inhaled and identify the substance of ensayo.La odor perception is more important than the identification.

Smell disorders

1 Quantitative: Loss (anosmia) reduction (hyposmia) or greater acuity (which).

2 Qualitative: Distortion of smell (dysosmia or parosmia)

3 Delusions and hallucinations of smell.

Anosmia occurs only if the disease is bilateral.La head injuries, olfactory groove meningiomas and aneurysms of previous previous or brain communicates artery are some of the causes of the unilateral anosmia.Hyperosmia tends to be a feature of neurotic patients.Dysosmia or parosmia can occur with local abnormalities in the nose.Olfactory hallucinations and delusions usually suggest psychiatric disorders.However, it can be associated with uncinadas where olfactory experience is brief and accompanied by an alteration of consciousness and other phenomena epileptic seizures.

The olfactory nerve is one of the twelve cranial nerves in the human body and is very important if your function and disorders are known.

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Ocular nerves - Oculomotor, trochlear and Abducens nerve

Ocular nerves are oculomotor, the trochlear and Abducens nerve. Work together in the regulation of eye movements, they are considered as ocular nerves and discussed together.

The (cranial nerve III) oculomotor nerve
Oculomotor nucleus consist of several peer groups of adjacent to average, ventral line to the aqueduct of sylvius in upper colliculi nerve cells. A central group of nerve cells, Edinger-Westphal nucleus innervate pupillary sphincter and ciliary bodies. Situated more dorsally and constitutes the parasympathetic nerve part oculomotor.Nerve cells that mediate the action of eye muscles show definitive topographical representation of back-ventral.El course of nerve fibers previously through the midbrain, medial tot he red core, the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle. Nerve follows the previous appearance of just mid-brain's pons, between superior cerebellar and later cerebral arteries.

Penetrates the Dura side and prior to the subsequent clinoid process and enters the side wall breast cavernoso.Desde there, enter orbit of supplied and superior orbital fissure lift palpaebrae superioris, inferior oblique and straight top, medial and bottom muscles. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus passed to ciliary ganglion, whence postganglionic fibers provide pupillary constrictores and ciliary muscles which function in accommodation.

The trochlear nerve (4th cranial nerve)
This is the smallest of the cranial nerves and is situated just prior to the aqueduct in the midbrain immediately above the curve fibres pons.Las and with the aqueduct later and decussate in previous Medullary veil. Penetrates hard posterolateral clinoid later process into the cavernous sinus where is lateral and lower third nerve. On the superior orbital fissure enters orbit to provide superior oblique muscle. This nerve palsy causes weakness movement down and to outside eyes and extorsion (eyeball outward rotation).

Abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) (Abducent nerve)
This nerve emerges from the bottom of the pons on the fourth floor ventriculo.El nerve follows the brain stem in the pontomedullary junction. It has the longest intracranial course between the cranial nerves and lies between the bridge Pons and the clivus. Drilled in the back between the subsequent clinoid and apex of the petrous bone sellae Dura into the cavernous sinus inferomedial 3rd nerve.Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure to supply the rectus (lateral) external.

Medial longitudinal fasciculus: This fiber tract une 3rd cores, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 and cranial nerve XII and cervical nerves motor kernels higher.Due to this interconnection isolated eye movements are not posibles.Visual, auditory, sensory, vestibular and other stimuli produces conjugated deviation of eyes and head.

Sympathetic innervation: sympathetic fibers that control the action of oculopupillary originate from the eighth cervical and first thoracic spinal segments.Preganglionic fibers will lower sympathetic ganglia, middle and upper neck.Postganglionic fibres follow the course of the internal carotid artery and travel Division of Ophthalmology fifth nerve in orbit.On the nerves for a long ciliary time, supplying the dilators tarsal muscles pupilar.Los and orbital muscle Muller.

Cortical control: the back of the second and third front convolutions are evolutionary cortical control eye movements conjugados.Un Pontine for lateral eye Center also has been described in the vicinity of the Abducens - the center of gaze of parapontine nerve.

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