Nerve cranial VIII - acoustic nerve (Auditorium nerve)

Acoustic nerve motorised two components: cochlear nerve or nerve of hearing and vestibular subserves nerve balance. Let's make a journey and analyze these two systems, as we also find some basic neurologic test on the role of this nerve.

Cochlear system: The cochlear nerve final-organos are the organ of Corti, inside of the cochlea of the inner ear hair cells. Core fibres of the cell bodies as the cochlear nerve.Crosses the internal auditory meatus, where is inferolateral facial nerve and crosses the subarachnoid space in the cerebellopontine Angel and enters the top t marrow him in dorsal cochleovestibular nuclei and secondary acoustical fibres ventrales.Proyecto trapezoidal body and lateral leminscus to finish primary auditory receptive areas in the transverse temporary Heschel Gyri of auditory radiation.

vestibular system: vestibular consisting in the semicircular canals system has the function of guiding the theme in space (all 3 planes) and also keep the relative position between the head and the cuerpo.Cambios Setup electric shocks in the semicircular canals blisters neuroepithelium and Scarpas ganglion maculae transmit these impulses of the vestibular nuclei and to the parties at the top of the spinal cord. Vestibular nuclei are connected to the cerebellum through the lower spine of the tracts of vestibulospinal centres and the muscles of the eye of the medial longitudinal package motor nuclei cerebellar peduncle.

Disorders of vestibular function lead to dizziness, the inability to maintain posture, nystagmus and systemic, disorders such as nausea, vomiting, visual hallucinations, sense of rotation of the surroundings, sweating, teachycardiac hypotention.En Vertigo, there is a distinct rotational sense t. Objects may seem to revolve around the Vertigo of 9objective patients) or you can experience the sensation of turning that around it (subjective Vertigo).

Testing
Audience is evaluated by noting the patient's ability to perceive noise when the examiner rubbed his thumb and index or better still by a clock of the external auditory meatus. Took note of the distance from your ear, and the browser compares the audience with their own patient acuity. Better information can be obtained through the use of a pitch.

Rinne test: here, the patient air conduction compared hueso.La driving fork (512 Hz) is firmly placed against the mastoid and ask the patient to already indicate when the sound is heard.Then placed ahead of the external auditory meatus and noted the time during which listens.Air conduction is typically better than bone-Rinne conductive deafness positivo.En driving (negative Rinner) bone conduction is better than air conduction.Sensorineural deafness, reducing air and bone conduction but maintain the normal relation and the Rinner is positive.On the other hand, the RInner is negative for ear disease.

Weber test: here, the fork is placed on the forehead and the patient you are prompted to choose the ear heard better.Usually heard equally well in both conductive deafness oidos.En, sound is heard better by involved ear, while in sensorineural deafness, best is heard by the ear full.

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The accessory nerve (eleventh cranial nerve) and hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)

The accessory nerve (eleventh cranial nerve) is a purely motor nerve and has two roots cranial and spinal column. Hypoglossal nerve is also a pure motor nerve and provides intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

The accessory nerve

This is a purely motor nerve. It has two roots-cranial and spinal column. Spinal root stems from the previous five upper cervical segments horn cells and enters the skull of the foramen magnum. These fibres are joined by the cranial root that emerges from the part flow together and ambiguous kernel leave the skull of the hole jugular with the vague.Into the hole jugular, cranial root fibres bind the vague to be distributed together with the vague pharynx and laringe.Esta fibres part of nerve cannot test separately. The part of the spinal column supplies the esternocleidomastoideo and the top of the Trapeze.

Testing: This is limited to the assessment of the esternocleidomastoideo engine power and the sternocleidomastoid trapecio.El is evaluated by the inspection and palpation while patient turns his head against the muscular paralysis resistencia.La is flat and not prominently highlighted on the head to the opposite side. Trapeze is tried asking the patient to tap or shrugging.

Hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve)

This is also a pure motor nerve and supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. Arises from a series of rootlets cord between pyramid and inferior olive and arises skull through hypoglosal hole of providing language.

Tests: You must ask the patient to open the mouth without stick out tongue. In unilaterla paraysis, the language for the healthy side curves sliughtly.The protruding tongue, is diverted to the paralysed side.Look for any loss or the lengua.Esto fibrillations should always be reviewed without protrusion of the tongue and indicates a lower motor neuron nerve injury XII.In injuries to the upper motor neuron, the language is short and speastic.

Bulbar paralysis: this is a syndrome characterized by weakness or paralysis of the muscles supplied by lower brianstem motor cores i.e. the motor nerves in ninth to twelfth cores.Acute injuries as siphetheria or polio, no time for muscle atrophy.Chronic as paralysis bulbar progressice or brain stem tumors are marked wasting and atrophy of the mouth, tongue and the sternocleidomastoids.Esto shapes must be differentiated from pseudobulbar palsy is caused by the paralysis of upper motor neuron muscles bulbar in vascular lesions of the upper brainstem and motor neuron disease.

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Nerve 7th cranial - facial nerve and how its function test

By Funom Makama Funom Makama
Level: Platinum

I am Dr. Funom Theophilus Makama (while still a student) pronounce I am a candidate for Cardio-thoracic surgeon and also I love to write. I write articles (especially...)

The seventh cranial nerve is a nerve predominantly engine provide the muscles of facial expression. The sensory component is small, brings taste sensations from the previous two-thirds of tongue and sensations skin of the anterior wall of the external ear canal.

Flavor fibers are transported by the lingual nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve and these fibres to join the chorda timpani.The motor nucleus of the seventh nerve is anterior and lateral Abducens core Bridge lower Pons.Intrapontine hook the nucleus of sixth nerve fibres to emerge with the side to the corticospinal tract cerebellopontine angle. Along with the ear canal of the neatus auditory interna.Anterioly bends sharply forward downwards and in this angle is geniculado.Metacarpalia ganglion, nerve exits through the hole of stylomastoid.Immediately after his departure from the skull, the nerve passes through the parotid and gives rise to five branches to supply the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris frnatalis muscles zygomatic, buccinator, platysma and other muscles facial.En expression facial, only distal to the geniculate on superificial ganglion sphenopalantine which innervates the lacrimal glands and gives muscle estapedio, another branch that provides greater petrosal nerve ganglion channel before they joined the chorda timpani.

Testing

The patient must be ordered to frown, crush his brow, increasing their eyebrows, close their eyes firmly against the resistance, the angle of the mouth shrink, showing its teeth, blow his cheeks and whistle, if there is difficulty in any of the above functions, could compare with the healthy side. Also note any asymmetry of palpebral fissure and furrows in the rest position lid.

The sensation of the previous appearance of the external auditory canal is cotton proof ingenuity.Taste of the previous two-thirds of tongue is tested through 4 joint tastes and quinine.Language must be protrude throughout the test and the patient may protrude from the test and the patient should not be allowed to speak.Words, sweet, salt, sour and bitter are written on paper, and item is prompted to select the word meaning perceived taste.The third back of the tongue, the same material can be used for testing.As an alternative stimulus, you can use the current facial galvanica.Paralisis (paralysis) may be the type of motor neuron upper or lower motor neuron.

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Article sent on: November 11, 2010

Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve (9th and 10th cranial nerve) and its disorders

Since these two cranial nerves intimately connected described here together. Glossopharyngeal nerve has a sensory component and speedboat. Motor fibres originate the nucleus ambiguus, located on the side of the spinal cord. Along with the vagus, and accessory nerves, leave the skull of the hole jugular. Muscle stylopharyngeus whose function is to provide the elevate the pharynx. Autonomic efferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve arise from the inferior salivatory nucleus. Preganglionic fibers become otic ganglion of less superficial petrosal nerve. and postganglionic fibres pass through the auriculotemporal nerve fifth branch to reach the Parotid gland. The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve sensory fibres are located in petrous found in petrous below of the hole bone jugular ganglion and also the upper ganglion, which is small. Exteroceptive fibres supplied faucial tonsils, the rear wall of the pharynx, part of the soft palate and sensations of taste of the rear third of the language.

The vague: this is the longest among all the cranial nerves. Motor fibres originate the ambiguous nucleu and supply of all the muscles in the throat, the soft palate and larynx, with the exception of tensor veli palati and stylopharyngeus. Parasympathetic fibers emerge from the dorsal efferent kernel and left cord as preganglionic fibers part craniosacral autonomous nervous system. These fibres end nodes close to the viscera supplying post-ganglionic fibers. Is parasympatahetic function. Therefore, vagal stimulation produces bronchial constriction, bradycardia, secretion of the gastric and pancreatic juice and greater peristalsis.Sensory part of the vague has their nuclei in the jugular in ganglion and ganglion vague nodoso.El sensations from the subsequent appearance of the external auditory meatus and adjacent pinna and the sensation of pain from the duramater lining the posterior cranial fossa.

Testing: It's better to test features of nerve IX and x together as they are affected usually together. Consult for symptoms such as dysphagia, dysarthria, nasal regurgitation of fluids and hoarseness of voice. Part of engine is tested by examining the uvula when the patient is made to open the mouth.The uvula is usually unilateral vague media.Paralisis online, palatal arc is flattened and dropped from ipsilaterally. The phonation the uvula is diverted to the normal side.

Gag reflex or pharyngeal reflex occurs through the application of a stimulus, such as a bucket of cotton to the wall of pharynx psoterior or squeezes region or language.If the mirror is present, there will be accompanied by retraction of the tongue pharyngeal muscles contraction and elevation.This reflex afferent arc is favoured by the glossopharyngeal, while the efferent is through the vago.Este reflection is lost in both nerve injury 9 or 10.Comprobar General sensation on the posterior wall of pharynx, soft palate, tonsils faucial and taste on the third back of the tongue. These are problems in glossopharyngeal paralysis.

Disorders of nerve functions of the ninth and tenth

Isolated from any nerve involvement is rare and usually involved together, often the nerves of the 11th and 12th centuries also may be affected. The glossopharyngeal neuralgia resembles the trigeminal neuralgia, but is much less common. It is presented as a paroxysmal pain originating from the throat of tonsillar fossa.It may be associated with bradycardia and in such cases is called neuralgia vegoglossopharyngeal.Una trial of phenytoin or carbamazepine is effective for pain relief.Brain stem as a disease of motor neuron, vascular lesions as lateral Medullary infarction or bulbar poliomyelitis injuries can affect these together resulting in bulbar paralysis nerves.Basal meningitis and posterior Fossa tumors can involve these nerves outside the brain stem.Complete bilateral paralysis of vague is incompatible with life.Especially on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, participation occurs in thoracic injury and this produces only hoarseness of voice without dysphagia.

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