The medical explanation about epilepsy

Epilepsy is functionally characterised by electrical discharge excessive recurring abnormal cerebral origin and clinically characterized by loss of excess of motor, sensory and Autonomic functions with or without alteration in consciousness. Epilepsy can be primary where there is no anatomically demonstrable abnormality of secondary when a local or diffuse injury is present.

Classification of epilepsy: Epilepsy has been classified in several ways.

I primary generalized Epilepsy: tonic clonic (grand mal) seizures of absence seizures (Petit mal), epilepsy, child spasms, Atonic seizures.

II seizures.partial: single - motor, sensory (somatic, Visual, auditory, olfactory), afectivo.Complejo - temporal lobe or psychomotor seizure.

Seizure III. partial secondary generalization.

Pathogenesis

The cortical neuron is abnormally excitable due to differentiation.The cell cells cytoplasmic membrane has increased permeability susceptible processing to activation by hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia and hiponatremia.Deficiencia the inhibitory neurotransmitter benzioc gamma amino acid (GABA) and local regulation of extracellular potassium ions, ions of sodium, calcium ions alteration or magnesium ions are probably responsible for the instability of the membrane. This abnormal electrical discharge, if unchecked, extends the contralateral hemisphere of interhemispheric tracks and also the subcortical reticular brainstem nuclei, from where it feeds excitatory activity towards the rest of the cortex and basal ganglia structures. Most shapes called idiopathic epilepsy do not have any demonstrable injury in the brain. However, secondary types of epilepsy can have definable morbidas injuries. These include areas of neuronal loss and gliosis (scars), hamatomas, tumors and vascular malformations. One of the main clinical features is grand mal epilepsy.

Grand mal epilepsy: the paroxysm occurs at different stages sequentially. Stages can be subdivided into the prodromal phase, aura, tonic, clonic phase and the phase of postictal phase. Several hours before the prodromal stage start ictus (adjustment). Consists of several subjective phenomena as apathetic, or depressed mood irritability, cramping abdominal vague or other sensations intertitles, which are easily recognized by the patient often produces movements stereotyped as the rotation of the head or eye movement, grab the feeling in the epigastriun or a feeling unnatural body just before it is lost somewhere in the consciousness. This is called just before he loses consciousness. This is called the "aura" and often indicates activation of epileptic focus in the brain. In many cases, there is no any aura and the patient gets the attack without any warning.

Tonic phase consists of opening of the mouth and eyes associated with the kidnapping of arms, followed by adjustment of closure of the jaws, often resulting in injuries to the language and a cry as the entire musculature enters spasm forcing air from the closed vocal cords.The patient becomes cyanosed and can be the cancellation of the tough stage orina.Esta 10–15 segundos.La tonic phase is followed by the clonic phase characterised by substitute to and fro movement of all four limbs, sweating, produces foam of the mouth and the excessive salivation.The urine and feces can override.Clonic phase lasts 1-2 minutes.This is followed by a deep comatose States which takes about 5 minutes.Students are slowly beginning to react and the patient then resumes the intervention, but remains unclear.If left undisturbed, he enters sleep for several hours and often wakes up with headache severo.Se trafficking postictal phase and the patient cannot remember everything that has happened except the aura.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) taken during attacks, or sometimes even sample intervals abnormal electrical activity.

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Characteristics of epilepsy clinics

Epilepsy is clinically characterized by the loss or excess of motor, sensory and Autonomic functions with or without alteration in consciousness. Clinical characteristics include: big bad epilepsy, attacks of absence (Petit Mal), myoclonus, convulsions atoni, child spasm, reflects epilepsy, epilepsy, etc. The four latest clinical characteristics would be elaborated.

Absence (Petit Mal) attacks: these are seen in children and are distinguished by the brevity and absence of motor phenomena. Attack turns without any warning and consciousness is lost only for a brief period. The child stops abruptly all motor activity and discourse. There is a vacant look. External stimuli not evoke any response of the patient. These attacks usually last for 2-10 sec, after that patient resumes activity pre-seizure. Sometimes may be clone movements of the eyelids or occasionally automata as click lips or chewing movements. Attacks can be precipitated by hyperventilation. The EEG anomaly in absences is diagnostic. Displays classic "three per second" Spike and wave discharges.Attacks occur several times during the day, but become less frequent, or may even disappear in adolescencia.A times, these may be replaced by grand mal seizures.

Myoclonus: refers to the good, brief involving a whole limb muscle contractions a single muscle or its part. The movements are usually abrupt and uncontrollable and process momentarily helpless patient.Attacks may occur as a single idiot or may recur every few segundos.Las abnormal electrical discharges may arise from the cerebral cortex, brainstem or spinal cord. Myoclonus is typically associated with other forms of epilepsy as absences or very badly.

Atonic seizures: these are characterised by a sudden loss of postural tone and conscience without other phenomena any motor. This can lead to the sudden "drop" of the individual plant without any warning. Atonic seizures should be distinguished from cataplexy gout attacks are not accompanied by loss of consciousness.

Reflex epilepsy: Epilepsy precipitated by certain stimuli has been designated as reflected in epilepsy by some authors. Common stimuli that precipitate reflexes stimuli are hot waterbath stimulation of head, photic as flickering light, reading, listening music, startle and eat. Benefit is derived by avoiding the stimulus epileptogenic and conditioning procedures.

Partial epilepsy: focal or partial motor seizures are due to an epileptic focus meet in the frontal lobe opposite.Consist of the thumb and the angle of the mouth or the head turn clone movements or movements ojos.estos may constitute the complete engine component of the seizure or may be followed by widespread clone movements and loss of consciousness.Seizures (epilepsy) term motor applies to type where contractions in the fingers of a hand, one side of the face or foot start clones and slowly extended (March) to other muscles in the same side of the body.This may or not be followed by the participation of the opposite side and loss of consciousness.The presence of characteristic gait distinguishes the serizures of partial seizures of motor.However, both have the same meaning of localization.

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